Respostas para VOL 6 Test 3 - The growth of agriculture

Some developments in Western agriculture from prehistory to the nineteenth century

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets.

1Before agriculture became widespread, prehistoric people spent most of their lives hunting animals and gathering wild plants. Then about 11,500 years ago, people gradually learned how to cultivate plants for food use and settled down to a life based on farming. Scholars are unsure why this shift to farming took place, but it may have occurred because of climate change. 2The earliest crop was most likely to have been rice, corn, or similar types of cereals. At around the same time, people also began herding and breeding animals. Sheep and goats were probably domesticated first followed by cattle and pigs Eventually, people started keeping animals such as oxen for ploughing and transportation.

3Agriculture enabled people to produce a surplus of food which could be eaten when crops failed or swapped for other goods. This exchange of goods was how trade began, and this in turn allowed people to work at other tasks unrelated to farming. Agriculture also kept formerly nomadic people near their fields and led to the establishment of permanent villages which became linked through trade. 4This development was so successful in some areas that cities emerged, and eventual entire civilisations arose. The earliest of these developed near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia - now Iraq - and along the River Nile in Egypt eventually spreading to Europe, Asia and beyond. For thousands of years, agricultural development was very slow. Farmers cultivated small plots of land by hand using axes to clear away trees and sticks to break up and till the soil. 5However, over time, improved farming tools of bone stone, bronze, and iron were developed. Around 7, 500 years ago. farmers in Mesopotamia developed simple irrigation systems. 6By channeling water from streams onto their fields, farmers were able to settle in areas once thought to be unsuited to agriculture.

8In Mesopotamia and later in Egypt, people organized themselves and worked together to build themselves and worked together to build them. As the Roman empire expanded, the Romans adapted the best agricultural methods of the people they conquered. They even wrote manuals about the farming techniques they observed in Africa be left unplanted, or fallow. This system preserved nutrients in the soil. So, and Asia, and Europe. 7By 2,000 years ago much of the land in Earth's population was reliant on agriculture.

9In medieval times, European farmers adopted an open-field system of planting in which one field would be planted in spring, another in autumn, and one would be left unplanted, or fallow. This system preserved nutrients in the soil, so increasing crop production. 10Later in the 15th and 16th centuries, explorers travelling to Africa, Asia and the Americas began to introduce new varieties of plants into Europe from the Americas, for example, they brought back agriculture products such as potatoes, tomatoes, maize and beans, which eventually became staple crops and an integral part of the European diet.

A period of major agricultural development began in the early 1700s for Great Britain and northern Europe. One of the most important of these developments was the horse-drawn seed drill, invented in England by Jethro Tull. 11Until that time, farmers sowed seeds by hand. Tull's invention made rows of holes for the seeds and dropped them into the holes thus greatly improving the speed and efficiency of the process by the end of the 18th century, seed drilling was widely practiced in many countries across Europe.

Along with new machines, there were several other important advances in farming methods. 12By selectively breeding their livestock-deliberately breeding animals with a certain combination of desirable qualities from chosen parent animals -farmers increased both the size of their herds and the productivity of their livestock. An early example of this is the Leicester sheep, an animal selectively bred in England for its quality meat and long, coarse wool. Then, in Austria in 1865, a monk and science teacher by the name of Gregor Mendel published his studies of heredity, which were the first to show how traits are passed from one generation of plants to the next. Mendel is widely recognised as the founder of the science of genetics, and his experiments paved the way for the selective breeding of plants and the improvement of crops through genetics.

Another major agricultural breakthrough came from the field of chemistry. 13For thousands of years, farmers had relied on natural fertiliser- materials such as animal or bird waste, wood ash, or ground bones to replenish or increase nutrients in the soil. Then, in the early 1800s, scientists discovered which elements were most essential to plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This led to the manufacture of chemical fertilisers based on nitrates and phosphates, which greatly increased crop yields. With the population of Europe doubling during the 1800s-from around 200 million at the beginning of the century to around 400 million mouths to feed at its end-farming had finally become big business.