Answers For The future of cities

Answers and detail explain for The future of cities

Answer Table

1. E

2. F

3. H

4. A

5. C

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. YES

11. NOT GIVEN

12. NO

13. NO

14. YES

Explain

The future of cities

Professor of Urban Planning Sarah Holmes looks at the challenges of urban living

1The World Health Organisation has produced a report predicting that 9.8 billion of us will be living on this planet by 2050. Of that number, 72% will be living in urban areas - a higher proportion than ever before. Presented with this information, governments have a duty to consider how best to meet the needs of city residents, and not just for the short-term. Certain problems associated with urban living have been highlighted by research company Richmond-Carver in its latest global survey. 2At the top of the list of survey respondents' concerns is the fact that competition amongst tenants for rental properties has driven the median price up - so much so people need to hold down two or more jobs to meet all their expenses. 3Another issue the survey highlighted is the difficulty commuters face. Overcrowding means that seats are often not available on long journeys, but more significant is that schedules are unreliable. Many studies have shown the effect that has on a country's productivity. 4Interestingly, certain problems seem more common in some cities than others: respondents from increasingly crowded European cities, including Manchester and Barcelona, commented on how their quality of life was affected by loud machinery, other people's music and car alarms. 5Something the survey failed to ask about was the value people placed on having access to nature in urban neighbourhoods. However, some countries are already moving forward. Singapore is a prime example; its rooftop gardens make the city a far more desirable place to live. It is the Singaporean government that is behind this push for sustainable living.

6Perhaps some clearer government direction would benefit other cities. Take New York City, a place where I frequently meet up with other researchers in my field. Luckily for me, I am driven from the airport to the research centre, so do not need to navigate the freeways and constant congestion. Admittedly my experience of the urban lifestyle here is limited to the hotels I stay in, and the blocks within a three-kilometre walk. But whenever I leave my room in search of an outlet providing fruit or anything with nutritional value, none can be found. It seems ridiculous that this should be the case. New York has made great advances in redeveloping its museums and arts centres, but authorities must recognise that people's basic needs must be met first.

7Sometimes these basic needs are misunderstood. In some urban areas, new residential developments are provided with security features such as massive metal fences and multiple gates in the belief that these will make residents safer. There is little evidence such steps make a difference in this way, but we do know they make residents feel reluctant to go outside and walk around their neighbourhood. Instead they are more likely to remain inactive indoors. Grassy areas inside fenced developments are hardly used by householders or tenants either. All this adds up to a feeling of being cut off from others.

8So where are planners and developers going wrong? Inviting a group of locals to attend a consultation event is the conventional method for discovering what a community might want. The issue here is that it often attracts the same few voices with the same few wishes. But the internet now makes it possible for others to contribute. A community website can be a place where local people propose ideas for making their neighbourhood a better place to live. Developers that pay attention to these ideas can get a clearer picture of the things residents actually want and reduce the risk of throwing away money on things they don't.

9An example of a project that truly meets the needs of residents is Container City - a development in London's Docklands area. Constructed from metal containers once used to transport cargo on ships, it is a five-storey architectural masterpiece. The containers have been turned into sunny work studios, and despite their limited size, some come with a bed, shower and kitchen unit. Smart planning and skilful construction mean they take up very little room. Furniture and fittings are made from recycled products. Other countries have their own versions of Container City - Amsterdam and Copenhagen have created container dormitories to house students - but the Docklands site shows how work and living areas can effectively be combined. The units are ideal for young entrepreneurs hoping to establish a business while keeping costs down.

10Successful development is taking place in many urban areas around the world, and city planners have a duty to see for themselves the transforming effect this can have on residents' lives. There is no better way to do this than to visit these places in person. 11These might be neighbourhoods constructed for the first time, or developers might have transformed what was already there. 12In either case, the idea of cars determining urban planning, and indeed the whole concept of private car ownership, is now outdated and must be abandoned. Instead, the layout of an area under development must make it easier for people to meet up in pedestrianised zones and community spaces. 13At the heart of the development should be a cultural area, providing venues for art, music and street theatre. Such activities bring communities together, and do far more for positive relations than a new mall or shopping precinct. For this reason, these kinds of performance spaces should be prioritised. 14Finally, planners and developers must be obliged to create, within the same neighbourhood, different types of homes for wealthy professionals, for families, for the elderly and for young people just starting out. This kind of mix is essential to ensure people can buy a home in an area convenient for work, and for a community to stay alive.

Questions 1 - 5:

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet.

A noise pollution
B recycling facilities
C green areas
D employment opportunities
E population growth
F affordable housing
G antisocial behaviour
H public transport

Survey on problems facing city dwellers

The World Health Organisation has recently published data concerning 1 (E) in cities. This data should indicate to governments that they must think about ways to improve the lives of residents. According to a Richmond-Carver survey, the worst problem facing many city dwellers was 2 (F) The survey also indicated that in some cities, poor 3 (H) can impact dramatically on the economy. Another issue seems to be 4 (A) , although this is more often mentioned by survey participants in European countries. Questions on people's views on the need for 5 (C) were unfortunately omitted from the survey, but countries like Singapore already seem to be making progress in this respect.

Questions 6 - 9:

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 6 - 9 on your answer sheet.

6When staying in New York, the writer is frustrated by the fact that

A. healthy food cannot easily be obtained.

B. bad road design causes daily traffic problems.

C. certain venues cannot be reached by foot.

D. visitors are all directed to the same kinds of place.

7What point does the writer make about the use of security features?

A. It greatly reduces levels of criminal activity.

B. It helps create a sense of community.

C. It discourages people from taking exercise.

D. It creates unnecessary fear among residents.

8According to the writer, the problem with some planners and developers is that they

A. distrust the use of certain technologies for communication.

B. create buildings using traditional construction methods.

C. tend to put profits before the needs of residents.

D. rely on the opinions of a narrow range of people.

9What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?

A. explaining which construction materials are most sustainable

B. emphasising the importance of clever design in small spaces

C. comparing reasons for choosing to live in an unusual building

D. proposing which specific urban locations should be developed

Questions 10 - 14:

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 10 - 14 on your answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

City planners should travel to urban areas that are good models of development.

Correct answer: YES

It is easier to plan an entirely new neighbourhood than redevelop an existing one.

Correct answer: NOT GIVEN

In future, planners must think about the needs of car drivers as they design urban areas.

Correct answer: NO

Cultural venues need to take second place to retail opportunities when developing a neighbourhood.