Answers For Coal industry and the environment IELTS Reading | Answer Key & Explanations

Coal industry and the environment

A. 2-11Coal is expected to continue to account for almost 27 per cent of the world’s energy needs.11 However, with growing international awareness of pressures on the environment and the need to achieve sustainable development of energy resources, the way in which the resource is extracted, transported and used is critical. 1

A wide range of pollution control devices and practices is in place at most modern mines and significant resources are spent on rehabilitating mined land. 2In addition, major research and development programmes are being devoted to lifting efficiencies and reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses during coal consumption. Such measures are helping coal to maintain its status as a major supplier of the world’s energy needs.

B. 3The coal industry has been targeted by its critics as a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect. However, the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon involving the increase in global surface temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gasses - water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, methane and nitrous oxide - in the atmosphere. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth’s average surface temperature would be 33-35 degrees C lower, or -15 degrees C. Life on earth, as we know it today, would not be possible.

3There is concern that this natural phenomenon is being altered by a greater build-up of gasses from human activity, perhaps giving rise to additional warming and changes in the earth’s climate. This additional build-up and its forecast outcome has been called the enhanced greenhouse effect. Considerable uncertainty exists, however, about the enhanced greenhouse effect, particularly in relation to the extent and timing of any future increases in global temperature.

6-12Greenhouse gasses arise from a wide range of sources and their increasing concentration is largely related to the compound effects of increased population, improved living standards and changes in lifestyle. 13From a current base of 5 billion, the United Nations predicts that the global population may stabilize in the twenty-first century between 8 and 14 billion, with more than 90 per cent of the projected increase taking place in the world’s developing nations. The associated activities to support that growth, particularly to produce the required energy and food, will cause further increases in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge, therefore, is to attain a sustainable balance between population, economic growth and the environment.

The major greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide. 14Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the only major contributor to the greenhouse effect that does not occur naturally, coming from such sources as refrigeration, plastics and manufacture. 7Coal’s total contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is thought to be about 18 per cent, with about half of this coming from electricity generation.

C. 4The world-wide coal industry allocates extensive resources to researching and developing new technologies and ways of capturing greenhouse gasses.8Efficiencies are likely to be improved dramatically, and hence CO2 emissions reduced, through combustion and gasification techniques which are now at pilot and demonstration stages.

4Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion efficiency.Investigations are underway into super clean coal (3-5 per cent ash) and ultraclean coal (less than 1 per cent ash). Super clean coal has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency of conventional pulverized fuel power plants. 9Ultraclean coal will enable coal to be used in advanced power systems such as coal-fired gas turbines which, when operated in combined cycle, have the potential to achieve much greater efficiencies.

D. 5Defendants of mining point out that, environmentally, coal mining has two important factors in its favor. It makes only temporary use of the land and produces no toxic chemical wastes. By carefully pre-planning projects, implementing pollution control measures, monitoring the effects of mining and rehabilitating mined areas, the coal industry minimizes the impact on the neighboring community, the immediate environment and long-term land capability.

10Dust levels are controlled by spraying roads and stockpiles, and water pollution is controlled by carefully separating clean water runoff from runoff which contains sediments or salt from mine workings.The latter is treated and re-used for dust suppression. Noise is controlled by modifying equipment and by using insulation and sound enclosures around machinery.

Since mining activities represent only a temporary use of the land, extensive rehabilitation measures are adopted to ensure that land capability after mining meets agreed and appropriate standards which, in some cases, are superior to the land’s pre-mining condition. Where the mining is underground, the surface area can be simultaneously used for forests, cattle grazing and crop raising, or even reservoirs and urban development, with little or no disruption to the existing land use. In all cases, mining is subject to stringent controls and approvals processes.

In open-cut operations, however, the land is used exclusively for mining but land rehabilitation measures generally progress with the mine’s development. As core samples are extracted to assess the quality and quantity of coal at a site, they are also analyzed to assess the ability of the soil or subsoil material to support vegetation. Topsoils are stripped and stockpiled prior to mining for subsequent dispersal over rehabilitated areas. As mining ceases in one section of the open-cut, the disturbed area is reshaped. Drainage within and off the site is carefully designed to make the new land surface as stable as the local environment allows: often dams are built to protect the area from soil erosion and to serve as permanent sources of water. Based on the soil requirements, the land is suitably fertilized and revegetated.

Question 1:

1From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of the Reading Passage. Choose to correct letter A, B, C, or D.

A. Pollution control in coal mining

B. The greenhouse effect

C. The coal industry and the environment

D. Sustainable population growth

Questions 2 - 5:

The Reading Passage has four sections A-D. Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below.

List of Headings

i. Global warming
ii. The dangers of the coal industry
iii. Super Clean coal
iv. Environment protection measures
v. Coal as an energy source
vi. Coal and the enhanced greenhouse effect
vii. Research and development
viii. Mining site drainage

Section A

Correct answer: v

Section B

Correct answer: vi

Section C

Correct answer: vii

Section D

Correct answer: iv

Questions 6 - 10:

Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C, or D.

6The global increase in greenhouse gasses has been attributed to

A. industrial pollution in developing countries.

B. coal mining and electricity generation.

C. reduced rainfall in many parts of the world.

D. trends in population and lifestyle.

7The proportion of all greenhouse gasses created by coal is approximately

A. 14 percent.

B. 18 percent.

C. 27 percent.

D. 90 percent.

8Current research aims to increase the energy-producing efficiency of coal by

A. burning it at a lower temperature.

B. developing new gasification techniques.

C. extracting CO2 from it.

D. recycling greenhouse gasses.

9Compared with ordinary coal, new, ‘clean’ coals may generate power

A. more cleanly and more efficiently.

B. more cleanly but less efficiently.

C. more cleanly but at higher cost.

D. more cleanly but much more slowly.

10To control dust at mine sites, mining companies often use

A. chemicals which may be toxic.

B. topsoil taken from the site before mining.

C. fresh water from nearby dams

D. runoff water containing sediments.

Questions 11 - 14:

Do the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in the Reading Passage?

YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

The coal industry should be abandoned in favor of alternative energy sources because of the environmental damage it causes.

Correct answer: NO

The greatest threats to the environment are the gasses produced by industries which support the high standard of living of a growing world population.

Correct answer: YES

World population in the twenty-first century will probably exceed 8 billion.

Correct answer: YES

CFC emissions have been substantially reduced in recent years.

Correct answer: NOT GIVEN

Answers For Coal industry and the environment

Answers and detail explain for Coal industry and the environment

Answer Table

Explain